Resumo: Perinatal maternal high-fat diet (HFD) increases susceptibility to obesity and fatty liver diseases in adult offspring, which can be attenuated by potent hypolipidemic action of fish oil (FO), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid source, during adult life. Previously, we described that adolescent HFD offspring showed resistance to FO hypolipidemic effects, although FO promoted hepatic molecular changes suggestive of reduced lipid accumulation. Here, we investigated whether this FO intervention only during adolescence period could impact the offspring metabolism in adulthood. Then, female Wistar rats received isoenergetic, standard (STD:9% fat) or high-fat (HFD:28.6% fat) diet before mating, and throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring received standard diet; and from 25- to 45 days-old they received oral administration of soybean oil (SO) or FO. At 150 days-old, serum and hepatic metabolic parameters were evaluated. Maternal HFD adult offspring showed increased body weight, visceral adiposity, hyperleptinemia and decreased hepatic pSTAT3/ STAT3 ratio, suggestive of hepatic leptin resistance. FO intake only during adolescence period reduced visceral adiposity and serum leptin, regardless of maternal diet. Maternal HFD promoted dyslipidemia and hepatic triglyceride accumulation, which was correlated to reduced hepatic CPT-1a content, suggesting lipid oxidation impairment. FO intake did not change serum lipids; however, it restored hepatic triglyceride content and hepatic markers of lipid oxidation to STD offspring levels. Therefore, we concluded that FO intake exclusively during adolescence programmed STD offspring and reprogrammed HFD offspring male rats to a healthier metabolic phenotype at adult life, reducing visceral adiposity, serum leptin and hepatic triglycerides content in offspring adulthood.
Resumo: Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) promotes obesity and metabolic disturbances in offspring at weaning and adult life. We investigated metabolic consequences of maternal HFD in adolescent rat offspring and the potential benefic effects of fish oil (FO) (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid source).
Methods and results: Female rats received isocaloric, standard diet (STD: 9% fat) or HFD (28.6%) before mating, and throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring received standard diet and, from 25th to 45th day, received oral administration of soybean oil (SO) or FO. HFD offspring showed higher body weight and adiposity, which was not attenuated by FO. In STD offspring, FO reduced serum triglyceride and cholesterol, as expected, but not in HFD offspring. Liver of HFD offspring groups showed increased free cholesterol and FO-treated HFD group showed lower expression of Abcg8, suggesting decreased cholesterol biliary excretion. HFD offspring presented higher hepatic expression of lipogenic markers, Srebf1 mRNA and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). Serum n-3 PUFA were decreased in FO-treated HFD compared to FO-treated STD offspring, which may explain the reduced hypolipidemic FO effect.
Conclusion: Maternal HFD impaired the ability of FO to reduce adiposity and serum lipids in adolescent offspring, suggesting a potential predisposition to future development of metabolic disorders.
Resumo: For many years, clinical and animal studies on polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those from marine oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5,n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3), have reported the impact of their beneficial effects on both health and diseases. Among other things, they regulate lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune functions as well as insulin action. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are vital components of the phospholipids of membrane cells and serve as important mediators of the nuclear events governing the specific gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and adipogenesis. Besides, dietary n-3 PUFAs seem to play an important protecting role against the adverse symptoms of the Plurimetabolic syndrome. This review highlights some recent advances in the understanding of metabolic and molecular mechanisms concerning the effect of dietary PUFAs (fish oil) and focuses on the prevention and/or improvement of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose homeostasis, diabetes and obesity in experimental animal models, with some extension to humans.
Resumo: Earlier reviews indicated that in many countries adults, children and adolescents consume on an average less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation.
Summary: The intake of total and individual n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in European infants, children, adolescents, elderly and pregnant/lactating women was evaluated systematically.
Results: The evaluations were done against recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority. Key Messages: Fifty-three studies from 17 different European countries reported an intake of total n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and/or individual n-3 or n-6 PUFAs in at least one of the specific population groups: 10 in pregnant women, 4 in lactating women, 3 in infants 6-12 months, 6 in children 1-3 years, 11 in children 4-9 years, 8 in adolescents 10-18 years and 11 in elderly >65 years. Mean linoleic acid intake was within the recommendation (4 energy percentage [E%]) in 52% of the countries, with inadequate intakes more likely in lactating women, adolescents and elderly. Mean α-linolenic acid intake was within the recommendation (0.5 E%) in 77% of the countries. In 26% of the countries, mean eicosapentaenoic acid and/or docosahexaenoic acid intake was as recommended. These results indicate that intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be suboptimal in specific population groups in Europe.
Publicado: maio de 2019.
